The 1780s Crisis and the Causes of the French Revolution

The French Revolution resulted from two state crises which emerged during the 1750s–80s, one constitutional and one financial, with the latter providing a tipping point in 1788/89 when desperate action by government ministers backfired and unleashed a revolution against the Ancien Regime. In addition to these, there was the growth of the bourgeoisie, a social order whose new wealth, power, and opinions undermined the older feudal social system of France. The bourgeoisie were, in general, highly critical of the pre-revolutionary regime and acted to change it, although the exact role they played is still hotly debated among historians. Maupeou, the Parlements, and Constitutional Doubts From the 1750s, it became increasingly clear to many Frenchmen that the constitution of France, based on an absolutist style of monarchy, was no longer working. This was partly due to failures in government, be they the squabbling instability of the kings ministers or embarrassing defeats in wars, somewhat a result of new enlightenment thinking, which increasingly undermined despotic monarchs, and partly due to the bourgeoisie seeking a voice in the administration. The ideas of public opinion, nation, and citizen emerged and grew, along with a sense that the states authority had to be defined and legitimized in a new, broader framework which took more notice of the people instead of simply reflecting the monarchs whims. People increasingly mentioned the Estates General, a three-chambered assembly which hadnt met since the seventeenth century, as a possible solution that would allow the people—or more of them, at least—to work with the monarch. There wasnt much demand to replace the monarch, as would happen in the revolution, but a desire to bring monarch and people into a closer orbit which gave the latter more say. The idea of a government—and king—operating with a series of constitutional checks and balances had grown to be vitally important in France, and it was the existing 13 parlements which were considered—or at least considered themselves—the vital check on the king. However, in 1771, the parlement of Paris refused to cooperate with the nations Chancellor Maupeou, and he responded by exiling the parlement, remodeling the system, abolishing the connected venal offices and creating a replacement disposed towards his wishes. The provincial parlements responded angrily and met with the same fate. A country which had wanted more checks on the king suddenly found that those they had were disappearing. The political situation seemed to be going backwards. Despite a campaign designed to win over the public, Maupeou never gained national support for his changes and they were canceled three years later when the new king, Louis XVI, responded to angry complaints by reversing all the changes. Unfortunately, the damage had been done: the parlements had been clearly shown as weak and subject to the kings wishes, not the invulnerable moderating element they wished to be. But what, thinkers in France asked, would act as a check on the king? The Estates General was a favorite answer. But the Estates General hadnt met for a long time, and the details were only sketchily remembered. The Financial Crisis and the Assembly of Notables The financial crisis which left the door open for revolution began during the American War of Independence, when France spent over a billion livres, the equivalent of the states entire income for a year. Almost all the money had been obtained from loans, and the modern world has seen what overstretched loans can do to an economy. The problems were initially managed by Jacques Necker, a French Protestant banker and the only non-noble in the government. His cunning publicity and accounting—his public balance sheet, the Compte rendu au roi, made the accounts look healthy—masked the scale of the problem from the French public, but by the chancellorship of Calonne, the state was looking for new ways to tax and meet their loan payments. Calonne came up with a package of changes which, had they been accepted, would have been the most sweeping reforms in the French crowns history. They included abolishing lots of taxes and replacing them with a land tax to be paid by everyone, including the previously exempt nobles. He wanted a show of national consensus for his reforms and, rejecting the Estates General as too unpredictable, called a hand-picked Assembly of Notables which first met at Versailles on February 22nd, 1787. Less than ten were not noble and no similar assembly had been called since 1626. It was not a legitimate check on the king but meant to be a rubber stamp. Calonne had seriously miscalculated and, far from weakly accepting the proposed changes, the 144 members of the Assembly refused to sanction them. Many were against paying new tax, many had reasons to dislike Calonne, and many genuinely believed the reason they gave for refusing: no new tax should be imposed without the king first consulting the nation and, as they were unelected, they couldnt speak for the nation. Discussions proved fruitless and, eventually, Calonne was replaced with Brienne, who tried again before dismissing the Assembly in May. Brienne then tried to pass his own version of Calonnes changes through the parlement of Paris, but they refused, again citing the Estates General as the only body which could accept new taxes. Brienne exiled them to Troyes before working on a compromise, proposing that the Estates General would meet in 1797; he even began a consultation to work out how it should be formed and run. But for all the goodwill earned, more was lost as the king and his government began forcing laws through using the arbitrary practice of lit de justice. The king is even recorded as responding to complaints by saying its legal because I wish it (Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution, 2002, p. 80), further fueling worries over the constitution. The growing financial crises reached its climax in 1788 as the disrupted state machinery, caught between changes of the system, couldnt bring in the required sums, a situation exacerbated as bad weather ruined the harvest. The treasury was empty and no-one was willing to accept more loans or changes. Brienne tried to create support by bringing the date of the Estates General forward to 1789, but it didnt work and the treasury had to suspend all payments. France was bankrupt. One of Briennes last actions before resigning was persuading King Louis XVI to recall Necker, whose return was greeted with jubilation by the general public. He recalled the Paris parlement and made it clear he was just tiding the nation over until the Estates General meet. Bottom Line The short version of this story is that financial troubles caused a populace who, awakened by the Enlightenment to demand more say in government, refused to solve those financial issues until they had a say. No one realized the extent of what would happen next.

The Hip Hop Culture Essay - 2107 Words

You’re standing in a crowd amongst thousands of fans at an Eminem concert, people from all over, shoulder to shoulder in a massive stadium, singing along every word of their favorite song for hours. People from all over are connected to each other through the power of music. When it comes to music, the life experiences, inspiration, and current events play a tremendously significant role. Hip hop is a form of art which can be expressed through rap songs, break-dancing, and graffiti art. The culture has become so popular that it has entered today’s fashion and modern language. Hip hop music is an extremely large part of today’s generation and a global genre, which influences the generation all over the world. The culture has entered†¦show more content†¦Hip hop music was much different music from the one heard on the radio. These disk jockeys were innovating a style that was popular in Jamaica. In the early 70s, a Jamaican, DJ known as Kool Herc attempted to combine his Jamaican style of disk jockey, that involved reciting improvised rhymes over the dub versions of his reggae records (Davey 1). He also invented turntables, which kept the music going, with the occasional voice on the top of records, which started the roots of rap music. Over time, the culture broke into mainstream, spread around the world, and young people who did not have much to do, created not only multi-million industry, but have also created a way we can speak to each other all around the world. Hip hop is linked to other music such as rap which is embraced by urban black population. It is raw self-expression, sometimes features expletive lyrics, and violence. â€Å"Hip hop artists spoke to despair and pain of urban youth and the poor who were often without a voice. The rappers themselves were, the product of that reality, and it was conveyed through their lyrics† (Muhammad 1). The music videos that show a disturbing mix of rap and hip hop dance styles an d profane language leaves us many people wondering if hip hop is harming our generation. Some things that said through hip hop and rap are a young person’s desire. The hip hop culture is an instant route to take to live the considered â€Å"good life† to our young generation. Many of usShow MoreRelatedThe Hip Hop Culture1476 Words   |  6 Pagesgenre. I have listened to all of the considered essential hip hop â€Å"classic† and modern day albums. I noticed in these â€Å"classic† albums very distinct change in subject matter and style that each of the different areas of rappers on where they originate from. Some people believe that the hip-hop culture is at a decline with the lose of this uniqueness and individuality shown in each of these areas. 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Hip Hop is my culture. â€Å"At heavens gate, saying please Lord let me in, Or send me back to tell my people to be better men, Cause we are - Misunderstood, Misunderstood, Dont let me be misunderstood, Im just human (Common)† Hip Hop is not just music, it is a way of life. It is a spiritual connection we share with everything. It is being one hundred percent true, original and organic with oneself. Its the way one acts with others and with oneself. It is self-love, self-knowledgeRead MoreHip Hop Culture And Culture1196 Words   |  5 PagesHip-Hop Culture and race have had a complicated relationship in the past two decades. It has been commonly referred to as â€Å"black music† and a reflection of black culture. However, recent studies done by the Mediamark Research Inc. showed that 60% of rap music buyers are white. With the emergence of white, Latino, Asian, and other rappers with diverse backgrounds on the Hip Hop scene it is important recognize the changing color of the genre and the s tereotype it holds as â€Å"black music†. Black cultureRead MoreThe Culture Of Hip Hop Culture1499 Words   |  6 PagesCulture itself can be broken into further components. One of them would be material culture. According to the course content powerpoint, this kind of culture is basically the physical objects of a society, and what kind of meaning they are given based on the context it is in. There are a few examples of this. One would be clothing. In hip hop culture, its material culture would consist of clothing that if it was in the early 2000’s, people apart of it would be wearing baggy clothing. The meaningRead MoreRap Hop And Hip Hop Culture1550 Words   |  7 PagesMost hip hop songs and videos have lyrics and scenes that demean and humiliate women. Showing scenes of violence to women, demeaning them and depicting them as sex objects or subjects of submission to men is Misogyny. Present also is brutality against women descriptions. There have been voluminous scholars talking about it yet the argument is unquenched. Misogyny in hip hop society has its core deep in the American ethos, and it has its outcome on the same nation. Misogyny in songs is taking ringRead MoreWomen And Hip Hop Culture1275 Words   |  6 PagesWomen have always played a major role in the hip hop culture. This can be seen when watching music videos, or listening to female rappers. Women are simply involved in everything. However, that does not necessarily mean that they have the best relationship with hip hop. The purpose of this paper is to examine women within the hip hop culture. More specifically, this paper is going to examine the unique relationship women have with hip hop. To achieve a better understanding of the unique relationshipRead MoreThe Hip Hop Genre And Culture1778 Words   |  8 PagesLuke Brown Professor Melissa Plaster English 1301 26 October 2015 The Hip Hop Genre and Culture The Hip Hop Genre can be reasonably argued, that the vast majority of musical production at any one time involves musicians working in relatively stable ‘genre worlds’ within which ongoing creative practice is not so much about sudden bursts but the continual production of familiarity such rules may guide the notes a guitarist may select to play the way a star may conduct themselves in publicRead MoreWomen Of The Hip Hop Culture942 Words   |  4 PagesWithin popular culture today, objectified female bodies can be represented everywhere from advertising images to magazine covers, television, music and many more. Through these media institutions, we allow them to construct social identities in ways that allow us to understand what it means to be black, white, Asian, male or female etc. Within many popular culture mediums such as music, stereotypical representations of racially marked female bodies are often formed. Thus, these representations alsoRead MoreThe Rise Of Hip Hop Culture1305 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise of Hip Hop Culture Hip hop, the creation of electronic sound and enticing language is a style born from the African American and Hispanic cultures. It formed in New York City from block parties and the participation of the youth culture. This style of music began as a minimal change in rhythm to a globally popular culture consisting of graffiti art, dancing, and music. Hip hop was not only a type of tasteful music, but it also became a benchmark in history. When this style of music was

Consider the significance of the Hamlets ghost to the play Essay Example For Students

Consider the significance of the Hamlets ghost to the play Essay The sentinels, Barnardo, Francisco, Marcellus and even the sceptical Horatio are present at the time the ghost appears. A bewildered Horatio could hardly believe his own eyes when contemplating the old dead kings figure; Before my God, I might not this believe Without the sensible and true avouch Of my own eyes. We even have previous evidence of the ghost appearances on two separate nights before the play opens, when Barnardo and Marcellus are guarding the castles doors and reveal to us: Thus twice before, and jump at this dead our, With martial stalk hath he gone by our watch In this way, Shakespeare has carefully moulded our ghost into a very convincing figure, that with an ultimate total of four appearances and four witnesses (one of them a disbeliever! ) builds up a very solid accumulation of incidental evidence, which has no other purpose than to assure us of its authenticity before it appears to Hamlet. For Hamlet, and I believe the audience also, are later to entertain doubts about the Ghost, not of its reality but of its nature; ( ) Coming back to the popular perceptions of ghosts in the times this play was written, it was also believed that ghosts could come from purgatory, it would have come back for a reason, to set right any undone affairs, to give a message of love to dear ones as opposed to, in the worst of cases, to get revenge or reprisal against someone or something. This was of course, the purpose of old Hamlets ghost. However spiteful the idea of revenge might seem, we have to take into account how deeply hurt he was by his brothers betrayal; Cut off even in the blossoms of my sins, Unhouseled, disappointed, unaneled ( ) With all my imperfections on my head, O, horrible, horrible! Most horrible! This declaration also reflects how scared people were of dying without having a chance to purge their sins, of dying unexpectedly without opportunity to cleanse their souls. Which altogether bring us to the reason why Hamlet didnt at first kill King Claudius, as he thought he was praying and asking forgiveness and therefore didnt want to send him to heaven, he wanted to surprise him in a more sinful situation so he would instead suffer and burn in hells smouldering flames. Despite his revengeful intentions, we cannot help but admire, not an ordinary spirit, but that of a majestical king, the spirit of a troubled father who very much loved his son and wanted him to amend what had been set wrong, seeking in him hopes of reparation for his later resting in peace. This was for the Elizabethans a new, exciting and overwhelming character that for them posed challenging questions appealing to their much mixed and confused spiritual backgrounds. ( ) But that I am forbid To tell the secrets of my prison house, A description like the one above would have most certainly scared the Elizabethan audience, as they were very familiar with the afterlife and feared the unknown, what their imagination could produce was in fact worse than what the ghost could tell them. That our present audience have over the years increasingly changed towards their religious beliefs and have overtime become more sceptical, therefore finding Hamlets ghost too silly, is not Shakespeares fault. He indeed did create an ingenious piece of work by creating this ghost, while we look at it as ridicule and childish, most surely, Shakespeares audience, judicious or generality did not, they regarded it as a very realistic and frightening issue, To them, ( ), the next world was an intense and everpresent reality; ( ) Thus, we can conclude that unquestionably this was a genuine ghost, neither the audience or the characters themselves for a second doubt its realism. However, Hamlet appears to be a little cautious at the beginning and doubts its origin and intentions, .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a , .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a .postImageUrl , .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a , .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a:hover , .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a:visited , .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a:active { border:0!important; } .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a:active , .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u876ef6cdc08d0f6c7d61b22b874d324a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dentralization Pros and Cons EssayBe thou a spirit of health or goblin damned, Bring with thee airs from heaven or blasts from hell, Be thy intents wicked or charitable ( ). He, however, doesnt doubt its authenticity and without hesitation accepts him as a spirit. Hamlet might have doubts regarding the ghosts nature and shows himself a little suspicious on this matter, but nonetheless he recognises and accepts him as his fathers spirit immediately, That I will speak to thee. Ill call thee Hamlet, King, father, royal Dane. O, answer me! Hamlet shows desperation and anxiety in discovering what might have brought his father back from the grave, and reveals his previous suspicions on some foul deed having been committed; O, my prophetic soul. Hamlet expected something like this to have happened. He immediately accepts the ghosts version of the story and commits himself to revenge even before he knows of what has happened; Haste me to knowt, that I, with wings as swift As meditation or the thoughts of love, May sweep to my revenge. But even after having devoted himself to commit this task set by his beloved fathers spirit, he later doubts of its goodness; The spirit that I have seen May be a devil, and the devil hath power Tassume a pleasing shape, yea, and perhaps Out of my weakness and my melancholy, Despite his concerns, he stills set his heart on this mission, as he is an anguished and heartsick son, deeply grieving the loss of his father; O all you host of Heaven! O earth! What else? And shall I couple hell? O, fie! Hold, hold, my heart! ( ) And thy commandment all alone shall live Within the book and volume of my brain, To clear his doubts, Hamlet then decides to get the mummers to play The Murder of Ghonzago, (hence the play within the play) in order to prove whether the ghost was truthful in his revelation. This plan, once carried out proves the dead kings words right and convince Hamlet to execute his murderous deed against King Claudius. O good Horatio, Ill take the ghosts word for a thousand pound. Dist perceive? Nevertheless, after having had the opportunity to do so and avenge his father, Hamlet deliberately decides to restrain himself from murdering Claudius, as he encounters him defenceless, kneeled and praying. Seeing this, Hamlet resolves not to kill him, as it would mean sending him to heaven, while he is in the act of purging his sins away and asking God for absolution. Now might I do it pat, nowa is a-praying. And now Ill dot. And so a goes to heaven. And so am I revenged. That would be scanned. What Hamlet does not know, is that he is in fact asking for forgiveness, but doesnt actually expect to be forgiven, as he knows that his sins are beyond forgiveness, for he has not only sinned but moreover kept the benefits obtained in the misdeed; ( ) But, O, what form of prayer Can serve my turn? Forgive me my foul murder? That cannot be, since I am still possessed Of those effects for which I did the murder, My crown, mine own ambition, and my Queen. Hamlet, then, decides to postpone his mission in hope of catching King Claudius in a more compromising or sinful situation. We could also interpret this act of retreat in Hamlet as being purely cowardly. He seems to linger thinking whether he should or should not commit such foul deed against his uncle, however much he resents him or thinks he deserves it. Even by that stage in the play, when he confirms the truthfulness of the ghosts words, he still seems very indecisive about whether or not it would be correct to follow his commandment. This poses one of the most controversial questions in the play; is this ghost good or evil? Are its intents wicked or charitable? There is no right answer to these questions, for Shakespeare cleverly set an unbiased situation in the play, so that each of us could individually make our own conclusions. To begin with, this ghost was in fact an honest ghost, as it did tell the truth about how his brother had murdered him. .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463 , .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463 .postImageUrl , .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463 , .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463:hover , .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463:visited , .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463:active { border:0!important; } .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463:active , .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463 .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uac9da6b5553a440c303e6a3ed74e5463:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Merchant of Venice Persuasive EssayHowever was this spirits demand for revenge justified? Obviously we can see clearly that the ghost had a motive, and we would all agree that King Claudius would deserve no less punishment. But was it right for Hamlet to take justice in his hands, shouldnt he had better left it to God? We cant either forget the tragic consequences the intervention of the Ghost caused. It leaded to no more than a successive chain of deaths, dragging along innocent blood like that of the sweet Ophelia and her father Polonius. The whole play evolves around the apparition of the ghost, whose appearance irreparably alters and entails to the royal familys destruction. Nonetheless, the presence of the ghost becomes less significant by the end of the play. He eventually fades away, as in the end everything seems to take its course naturally, and Hamlet kill Claudius in the spur of the moment (Claudius having accidentally poisoned his mother and having tried to poison him for the same matter) rather than acting in favour of the ghosts revenge.

Load Shedding in Mirpur Area Essay Example

Load Shedding in Mirpur Area Essay Research Paper Prepared On Load- shedding in Mirpur Area Course Title: Business Research Methodology Course Code: BUS-405 Assigned By: S. M. Nasim Azad Assistant Professor Department of Mathematics and Statistics School of Business Bangladesh University of Business Technology Assigned To: Group Members: |Serial |Name |Identity Number |Intake | |1. |A. F. M. Sourove Haque |06072101053 |12th | |2. Md. Rakibul Hasan |06072101098 |12th | |3. |Kamrun Nahar |06072101008 |12th | |4. |Ashrafunnahar Nisha |06072101107 |12th | |5. |Md Al Amin |06073101051 |13th | Date of Submission: August 29, 2010 Assistant Professor Department of Mathematics and Statistics School of Business Bangladesh University of Business Technology Subject: Submission of the research paper on â€Å"Load- shedding in Mirpur Area†. .† Dear Sir, We are pleased to inform you that we have completed our assigned research paper on â€Å"Load-Shedding in Mirpur Area† which is a partial fulfillment of our course Business Research Methodology; course code BUS-405. We have tried our level best to convey effort for preparing this paper. This paper may contain some unintentional mistakes, as this is the first research we have conducted. We will be grateful to you if you mention any clarification and/or suggestion about any view and conception disseminated through this paper. Preparing this paper has been a huge learning experience for us and we look forward to answer any queries you may have. We strongly hope and believe that you will be kind enough to accord your kind approval to this paper. Sincerely yours |Serial |ID. No. |Name | |1. |A. F. M. Sourove Haque |06072101053 | |2. |Md. Rakibul Hasan |06072101098 | |3. |Kamrun Nahar |06072101008 | |4. Ashrafunnahar Nisha |06072101107 | |5. |Md Al Amin |06073101051 | Acknowledgement At the very beginning, we acknowledge the infinite blessing and profound kindness of â€Å"Almighty Allah†- the supreme authority of the universe. While the writing of this report had been difficult, the preparation for writing was even harder. It certainly would not been possible without the help of many people and we would like to acknowledge our appreciation to all those who had helped during the process. We will write a custom essay sample on Load Shedding in Mirpur Area specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Load Shedding in Mirpur Area specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Load Shedding in Mirpur Area specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We are grateful to our course coordinator Mr. S. M. Nasim Azad, Assistant Professor, School of business, BUBT who assigned us to prepare this research paper, which is a practical practice of the theoretical terms we are learning in our course. His guidance helped us to collect and organize important and necessary details from the sources and the overall preparation phases of this research paper. We are thankful to the survey respondents who spent some of their valuable time to provide us the information we collected through questionnaire. We also express our gratitude to our Friends and well-wishers who helped us in making this paper a grand success. Sincerely, 1. A. F. M. Sourove Haque 2. Md. Rakibul Hasan 3. Kamrun Nahar 4. Ashrafunnahar Nisha 5. Md Al Amin Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables List of Abbreviations Executive Summary In Dhaka city today most of the time specially at night people have to spend there time in dark for the reason of load shedding. Mirpur the one of the most populated area of Dhaka is also suffer from load shedding. This is a major problem for investment, business, daily livelihood, study of student, household chores and every sort of development. Load shedding effects people in every aspects like general people in home , business operation , study, medical specially during load shading crime rate increases dramatically and this problem is increasing day by day. Most of the load shedding of a day is occurs in the night and in year the summer is the most in number and both time for the load shedding. It’s a national curse now for Bangladesh and its people. As a developing nation Bangladesh cannot denie its increasing demand of electricity but its supply is not increasing with the demand as well so this gape is causing this load shedding. The consumers in and outside the capital city are experiencing frequent power cuts, no matter it is day or night. In some cases, such load shedding total 3-4 hours in different spells. Mirpur is specially hit by this problem as it has the majority of population that lives in the capital. It becomes the one of the most busiest place of the city. The most rapid growth in development and business cause much bigger gape of demand and supply of electricity. The trend is not so good and it is worsening day by day. Here we have prepared the research report showing the impact of load shedding and the causes of it with recommendation. Part –1. Introduction 1. Bacgroundn of the Report One of the BBA courses in Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT) is â€Å"Business Research Methodology†. As a part of the course, we were assigned to accomplish a research on any chosen topic and the topic we researched on the topic â€Å"Load-Shedding in Mirpur Area†. The basic idea behind our research is to measure the impact of load shedding and the causes of it. Its reaction on people and what people think about it 2. Significance of the Report This report will help to understand the impact of load shedding in the general people and what they think about this and how to solve the problem. 3. Scope of the Report This research is focused only Mirpur area of Dhaka city. Different class of people participated in this research. 4. Objective of the Report As stated earlier we are conducting research on the â€Å"Load-Shedding in Mirpur Area†. Bangladesh is a developing country so in order to increase the productivity in various sectors simultaneously; people of the country must be engaged enthusiastically. For this, the power sectors must be strong and attractive, so that people can convey their best effort willingly. Our main purpose of conducting the research is to measure the impact of load shedding and the causes of it. Its reaction on people and what people think about it 5. Limitation of the Report We have tried our best to make this research as best as possible; still there are some limitation of this research The report is only focused on a few people of Mirpur area only. ? This research is limited in Mirpur so it will so the over all situation of Mirpur area. ? As student of BBA program lack of experience and proper time is high. ? Lack of sufficient information . ? Unavailability of confidential data of respondent. Part –2. PROBLEM DISCOVERY DEFINATION Mirpur is specially hit by load shedding as it has t he majority of population that lives in the capital. It becomes the one of the busiest place of the city. The most rapid growth in development and business cause much bigger gape of demand and supply of electricity. The trend is not so good and it is worsening day by day. Here we have prepared the research report showing the impact of load shedding and the causes of it with recommendation. Part –3. Methodology 3. 1 Type of the Research This is an example of Expletory research. This research will help us to prepared the research report showing the impact of load shedding and the causes of it with recommendation. 3. 2 Sources of Data In order to attain the objective of the study this report all necessary information are collected from primary data source as we have applied survey method using questioner. . 2 Report Evaluation and Preparation Instrument Data has analyzed and report prepared by using- ? MS Exal ? MS Word ? Mechanical device o Calculator o Computer Part –4. Selection Of Research Model 4. 1 Research Design The topic of the research is collection of primary data. This collection is done with survey method with written questioner. This survey is performed in ehe Mirpur are a with all matured age of people. The nature of the question is mainly simple –dictums question, determinant chouse question, attitude rating scale and open ended question. 4. 2 Objective of using Questioner The whole research is based on primary data so this research needed mainly questioner-based data. Beside this reason some other reason are also involved such as: ? Time Effective ? Convenience ? Cost Effective ? Physical Availability ? Less Possibility of Getting Wrong Answer Part –5. SAMPLE DESIGN 5. 1 Sample Selection In our research we mainly focused in the Mirpur are of people. Our survey is conducted mainly based on Non-Probability Sampling Technique. We use Convenient Sampling for this research. Respondents are selected no-randomly because of convenient and lack of time. 5. 2 Determining sample Size Using statistical tools for sample sizing requires many variables so that the sample size can be prepared properly but lack of time and scope and limitation of resources made us select a convenient sample size of 100. 5. 3 Summery of overall sample design The overview of the sample design that we have consider for our specific topic â€Å" Load-Shedding in Mirpur Area† , is summarized below: Target Population Here our target population is general or overall population of Mirpur area. Sample We have selected sample size an 100 respondent. Sample procedure Non-Probability Sampling Technique and Convenient Sampling Sample unite General or overall population of Mirpur area. Sample element Every young people of Mirpur area. Part –6. Method of Obtaining Data After all the questioner been felled up we coded every question of every questioner along with the variables and trans formed the qualitative data into quantities data. Then all of the data from each of questioner been added in a single file to create a database. Through this process the database or data sheet become the source of all analysis. From this sheet we have calculated the data and then prepared the analysis table and charts. Part –7. Developing the Data Analysis In the form of bellow we analysis our data of survey: Editing: It means correcting the data by caking the data gathered from the respondents so that no error is occurred in the process or the acceptability is optimum for the outcome of the research. Coding: Each question and there answers are coded into a computer readable format so that we can process the data in the computer. Data entry: Data entry is the most sensitive part of the research as it can be mistaken by this step the whole research can be at stake. Data analysis: By using MS Excel we entered all data in computer and prepare a graph in the Excel sheet. Data conversion: All the data then converted management understandable form in a elaborate report. Part –8. Ethical Consideration Ethical issue is very vital when it is a survey type research. When the respondent were been surveyed we were very much concern about the ethical maters. We ensured them that no information will be disclosed in future and there information is in safe hand. We never force them for any type of sensitive information discloser. We do every thing to make them comfortable. We think that it is our duty to keep there information confidential as they trusted us. Part –9. Literature Review   Theoretical aspects 9. 1 Business Research: Business research is defined as the systematic objective process of generating information for aid in business decision. This research information should be †¢ Scientific, not intuitive or haphazardly gathered †¢ Objective †¢ Impersonal 9. 2 Types of Business Research: †¢ Basic (Pure) Research †¢ Applied Research Basic Research: Attempts to expand the limits of knowledge Applied Research: Conducted when a decision must be made on a specific real life problem. 9. 3 Stages in Research Process A research process contains six (6) sequential steps, mentioned as follows: 9. 4 Types of Scale: Nominal Scale: The numbers or letters assigned to object serve as labels for identification or classification. Ordinal Scale: This scale arranges objects or alternatives according to their magnitude. Interval Scale: Interval scale not only indicate order, they measure order in units of equal intervals Ratio Scale: Ratio scale have absolute rather than relative scale. 9. 5 Definition of terms Concept: A concept is a generalized idea about a class of object, attributes, occurrences, or processes that has been given a name. Proposition: Proposition are statements concerned with the relationships among concepts. Theory: A theory is a coherent set of general propositions, used as principles of explanation of the apparent relationships of certain observed phenomena. Primary Data: Primary data is gathered specifically for the project at hand. Secondary Data: Secondary data or Historical data is data previously colleted assembled for some project other than the one at hand. Population: The total set of observation of a numerical characteristics under study is called population. Sample: A part of small observation selection from the population. Sampling: The process of sample selection. Sampling Unit: Units are the objects to be surveyed. Usually people, households, business, customer. Sampling Element: An element is the object about which or from which the information is desired. Sampling Frame: A method of contacting selection sampled sample units, including the information needed to select them. 9. 6 Classification of Sampling Techniques: [pic] Probability Sampling: Samples are selected based on a random process. [pic] Non-Probability Sampling: Sampling is selected using some nonrandom process. [pic] Part 10 Analysis Results 10. About Load shedding in Mirpur [pic] For the purpose of our research we surveyed on 100 people about load shedding and among them 31% said the main case of load Shedding is Government leaking, 4% said Less Productivity, 6% said More Demand, 39% said All These Reasons. So majority of people thinks this problem is complex and has multiple factors. [pic] Each and everyone in this area faces Load She dding problem. [pic] The season when load shedding mostly occurred is summer with 84% and winter this is 14% the rest thinks both season. Mainly over demand in summer causes this extra pull. [pic] Most of the people said that loads shedding occurs more then 3 times in a day almost 90% of people so this is a real problem. [pic] We can see from the fig 1. 5 that winter is much stable then summer. As the time of load shedding scale increased summer is much higher apex in both side. [pic] For the answer of the question â€Å"What time Load Shedding Occurs mostly† 62% people said that it occurs in both day and night time. 2. Facing the Problem People are facing this problem with a grate proportion and this is not solving so easely. [pic] 74% people of this area does not use IPS during the Load shedding. [pic] Among all of people only 4% said it is complex to operate so they do not use IPS and the rest of 96% cannot afford this. [pic] 66% people agreed that Load Shedding causes Un social activity and 21% strong agree this means most of the people thinks this period is sot safe. 3. Negligence Consciousness of general people. [pic] 75% people thinks payment of electric bill is important for solving load shedding problem. 4. Role of Government [pic] Completely Satisfied 63%, Very Satisfied 21%, Satisfied 8% so the over 90% people has accepted this statement so this is very important to take immediate action for the government. . Role of General people [pic]` General people has very important roll in the load shedding according to the people of Mirpur, over 83% people said that general people should be careful about Electricity consumption. Part – 11 Major Findings Analyzing the data many findings have came up about our research topic â€Å"Load Shedding In Mirpur Area† . ? The t otal population of Mirpur is suffering from Load Shedding problem the percentage is 100%. ? The Main reason foe Load Shedding is Government lacking then, Less Productivity, and More Demand. Many say all this is responsible more or less. The main Season of load shedding is summer but these days winter season is also hit by from Load Shedding problem. ? Almost everyone said that Load Shedding occurs more then 5 times a day. ? In summer the duration of Load Shedding is much high in every aspects. ? Both day and night Load Shedding occurs. ? Only a handful of people are able to purchase IPS and this is a much high price so everyone cannot afford this. ? Almost everyone agreed that it increase Anti social activities during this time. ? Payment of Electric Bill is Important according to 75 % people and other things almost similar. Over 92% people said Government should take Immediate action about Load Shedding. ? Over 80% people thinks that general people can play a vital roll in load she ding. Part – 12 Recommendation According to official sources, the countrys highest power generation was about 3,700 MW on Monday evening against a demand for 4,700 MW plus during the peak hours. In Bangladesh, an ominous sign that more sufferings are in store for the electricity consumers in the coming days as demand is never going to be low. ? Supply must immediately increased so that demand supply gape can be adjusted. For long-term Nuclear Power Plant will be a good solution. ? For short term luxurious use of electricity must be stopped. ? More power saving equipments and bulbs must be home made so that it will be more affordable to all. ? Energy consumption campaigning will be effective for both short-term and long term. ? There should be a range for standard use of individual so that when anyone uses surplus they can be punished financially. ? System loss must be stopped. ? Unauthorized draining of electricity must be stopped if necessary local government will help. ? More hone st and qualified people should recruited in this sectored. Technological improvement must be maid in this ever-growing sector. ? Private investment should be increased. Part 13 Conclusion In electricity supply depends on many ifs and buts as huge program undertaken by the government are under implementation. If the programs are successful, then 300-400 MW might be added to the national power grid within the year. But this will not be enough for the Country. Instant Power Supply (IPS) made some solution for beginning but now a days a lot of people are using IPS so power consumption is double in the peak when this IPS are recharging. But since load shedding is very frequent, the IPS cannot recharge itself fully after each load-shedding period. Increase power generation by diverting gas from several fertilizer factories is not a solution in long run but this is happening. The situation might also improve if the consumers give up some of their luxuries. Were getting half of what we nee d. Were forced to manage the supplies, mainly for irrigation as this is a n important sector. Weve to continue this way until we can find an alternative. Demand for power in the capital increases by 150MW during the hot days. Only 25MW of it is caused due to fans, but the remaining is due to air conditioners. So decision was made to change the timings. When there is no power, household owners cannot pull up water when it is available. WASA officials said there are generators only for 213 pumps out of 546. The rest are run by ordinary electricity. In Bangladesh, an ominous sign that more sufferings are in store for the electricity consumers in the coming days as demand is never going to be low. So we have to careful about the consumption of power. Part 14 Bibliography 14. 1 Book G. Zikmund, William. Business Research Methods. Eight Edition, SouthWestern Publication. 14. 2 Web site WWW. social reserchmethod. net/kb/inters www. statmsdter/courses/modul/index www. notosmoke. com Part –15 Questionnaire Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT) Dhaka Commerce College Road, Mirpur-2, Dhaka-1216 Sampling Techniques Non-probability sampling Techniques Probability Sampling Techniques Probability Sampling Simple Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Stratified Sampling Cluster Sampling Other Sampling Technique Non-Probability Sampling Convenience Sampling Judgmental Sampling Quota Sampling Snowball Sampling